“A top-down approach starts with a big picture, breaking it down into smaller components until achieving the objective. A bottom-up approach starts with small, individual components and builds to a ...

Instead of applying a universal template to all climate-related disasters—in which we issue funding to support reconstruction, restoration and relocation—we must collaborate with those impacted to ...

At the heart of bottom-up nanotechnology lies a process driven by thermodynamics and kinetics, rather than the deterministic approaches characteristic of top-down methods. This fundamental difference ...

Despite decades of progress, the origin of life remains one of the great unsolved problems in science. "The most basic features of biology, that organisms are made of cells, that they pass genetic ...

Picture your brain as a staircase. Each step is a stage of physical brain development which starts in the womb and ends, on a physical level, around age 25. Each stair step going up is an advanced ...