A topic that's often very confusing for beginners when using neural networks is data normalization and encoding. Because neural networks work internally with numeric data, binary data (such as sex, ...

Responses of neurons that integrate multiple sensory inputs are traditionally characterized in terms of a set of empirical principles. However, a simple computational framework that accounts for these ...

Blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to every part of the body, remove waste and provide gateways for patrolling immune cells. However, blood vessels also nourish cancers and many other diseases ...

AI training and inference are all about running data through models — typically to make some kind of decision. But the paths that the calculations take aren’t always straightforward, and as a model ...