Abstract: A verifiable random function (VRF) is a pseudorandom function that enables source verification. By providing a public verification key and accompanying proof with the output, all parties can ...

I will explain what property-based testing (PBT) is and how it solves these problems. What is property-based testing (PBT)? At a very high level, it injects thousands of random values into ...

Abstract: Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) is an intriguing entropy source that can be exploited to develop lightweight cryptographic primitives. Its utility in Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) has ...

Python is a great language for automating everyday tasks, from managing files to interacting with websites. Libraries like ...

An illustration of a magnifying glass. An illustration of a magnifying glass.

Neurons are cells that transmit electrical signals through the nervous system. Motor neurons control muscle activity and movement by carrying impulses from the brain and spinal cord. Sensory neurons ...

2019-12-15 Oregon officers can no longer ask random questions during traffic stops. An attorney hopes more states will follow 2019-12-15 'If the climate stays like this, we won't make it' say those on ...

Organizations have been kicking the tire on AI for the past several years, but 2025 saw an explosion of AI-powered offerings ...

theorem 1.3 $text{If } A = A_1 \cup A_2 \cup \cdots \cup A_m \text{ and } A_i \cap A_j = \emptyset \text { for all } i \neq j \text{ , then }$ Definition 1.1 Outcome ...

已经非常接近真实值了，如果继续微调，就可以无限接近真实值，虽然一般无法求得最优解，但现实中只是误差可以接受就可以了。通过现有的数据或资料，称为样本，通过尝试求解参数（局部最优解）的过程，就是机器学习的核心内容。误差值是用来控制每次调整参数的幅度。

事件调查显示，攻击者通过弱密码或社会工程手段获取诊所职员邮箱凭证后，利用其可信身份向数百名患者及合作方发送含恶意链接的邮件。尽管未发现大规模医疗数据外泄，但监管机构认定该诊所违反《通用数据保护条例》（GDPR）第32条关于“适当技术和组织措施”的要求，因其既未部署多因素认证（Multi-Factor Authentication, ...

Analyzing stochastic cell-to-cell variability can potentially reveal causal interactions in gene regulatory networks.